external/jackson-databind/README.md

# Overview

This project contains the general-purpose data-binding functionality
and tree-model for [Jackson Data Processor](http://wiki.fasterxml.com/JacksonHome).
It builds on [core streaming parser/generator](../../../jackson-core) package,
and uses [Jackson Annotations](../../../jackson-annotations) for configuration.
Project is licensed under [Apache License 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).

While the original use case for Jackson was JSON data-binding, it can now be used for other data formats as well, as long as parser and generator implementations exist.
Naming of classes uses word 'JSON' in many places even though there is no actual hard dependency to JSON format.

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/FasterXML/jackson-databind.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/FasterXML/jackson-databind) [![Maven Central](https://maven-badges.herokuapp.com/maven-central/com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-databind/badge.svg)](https://maven-badges.herokuapp.com/maven-central/com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-databind)
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[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/FasterXML/jackson-databind/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/FasterXML/jackson-databind?branch=master)

-----

# Get it!

## Maven

Functionality of this package is contained in Java package `com.fasterxml.jackson.databind`, and can be used using following Maven dependency:

```xml
<properties>
  ...
  <!-- Use the latest version whenever possible. -->
  <jackson.version>2.10.0</jackson.version>
  ...
</properties>

<dependencies>
  ...
  <dependency>
    <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
    <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
    <version>${jackson.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  ...
</dependencies>
```

Since package also depends on `jackson-core` and `jackson-annotations` packages, you will need to download these if not using Maven; and you may also want to add them as Maven dependency to ensure that compatible versions are used.
If so, also add:

```xml
<dependencies>
  ...
  <dependency>
    <!-- Note: core-annotations version x.y.0 is generally compatible with
         (identical to) version x.y.1, x.y.2, etc. -->
    <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
    <artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId>
    <version>${jackson.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
    <artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
    <version>${jackson.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  ...
<dependencies>
```

but note that this is optional, and only necessary if there are conflicts between jackson core dependencies through transitive dependencies.

## Non-Maven

For non-Maven use cases, you download jars from [Central Maven repository](http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/jackson-databind/).

Databind jar is also a functional OSGi bundle, with proper import/export declarations, so it can be use on OSGi container as is.

-----

# Use It!

More comprehensive documentation can be found from [Jackson-docs](../../../jackson-docs) repository; as well as from [Wiki](../../wiki) of this project.
But here are brief introductionary tutorials, in recommended order of reading.

## 1 minute tutorial: POJOs to JSON and back

The most common usage is to take piece of JSON, and construct a Plain Old Java Object ("POJO") out of it. So let's start there. With simple 2-property POJO like this:

```java
// Note: can use getters/setters as well; here we just use public fields directly:
public class MyValue {
  public String name;
  public int age;
  // NOTE: if using getters/setters, can keep fields `protected` or `private`
}
```

we will need a `com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper` instance, used for all data-binding, so let's construct one:

```java
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper(); // create once, reuse
```

The default instance is fine for our use -- we will learn later on how to configure mapper instance if necessary. Usage is simple:

```java
MyValue value = mapper.readValue(new File("data.json"), MyValue.class);
// or:
value = mapper.readValue(new URL("http://some.com/api/entry.json"), MyValue.class);
// or:
value = mapper.readValue("{\"name\":\"Bob\", \"age\":13}", MyValue.class);
```

And if we want to write JSON, we do the reverse:

```java
mapper.writeValue(new File("result.json"), myResultObject);
// or:
byte[] jsonBytes = mapper.writeValueAsBytes(myResultObject);
// or:
String jsonString = mapper.writeValueAsString(myResultObject);
```

So far so good?

## 3 minute tutorial: Generic collections, Tree Model

Beyond dealing with simple Bean-style POJOs, you can also handle JDK `List`s, `Map`s:

```java
Map<String, Integer> scoreByName = mapper.readValue(jsonSource, Map.class);
List<String> names = mapper.readValue(jsonSource, List.class);

// and can obviously write out as well
mapper.writeValue(new File("names.json"), names);
```

as long as JSON structure matches, and types are simple.
If you have POJO values, you need to indicate actual type (note: this is NOT needed for POJO properties with `List` etc types):

```java
Map<String, ResultValue> results = mapper.readValue(jsonSource,
   new TypeReference<Map<String, ResultValue>>() { } );
// why extra work? Java Type Erasure will prevent type detection otherwise
```

(note: no extra effort needed for serialization, regardless of generic types)

But wait! There is more!

While dealing with `Map`s, `List`s and other "simple" Object types (Strings, Numbers, Booleans) can be simple, Object traversal can be cumbersome.
This is where Jackson's [Tree model](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki/JacksonTreeModel) can come in handy:

```java
// can be read as generic JsonNode, if it can be Object or Array; or,
// if known to be Object, as ObjectNode, if array, ArrayNode etc:
ObjectNode root = mapper.readTree("stuff.json");
String name = root.get("name").asText();
int age = root.get("age").asInt();

// can modify as well: this adds child Object as property 'other', set property 'type'
root.with("other").put("type", "student");
String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(root);

// with above, we end up with something like as 'json' String:
// {
//   "name" : "Bob", "age" : 13,
//   "other" : {
//      "type" : "student"
//   }
// }
```

Tree Model can be more convenient than data-binding, especially in cases where structure is highly dynamic, or does not map nicely to Java classes.

## 5 minute tutorial: Streaming parser, generator

As convenient as data-binding (to/from POJOs) can be; and as flexible as Tree model can be, there is one more canonical processing model available: incremental (aka "streaming") model.
It is the underlying processing model that data-binding and Tree Model both build upon, but it is also exposed to users who want ultimate performance and/or control over parsing or generation details.

For in-depth explanation, look at [Jackson Core component](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core).
But let's look at a simple teaser to whet your appetite.

```java
JsonFactory f = mapper.getFactory(); // may alternatively construct directly too

// First: write simple JSON output
File jsonFile = new JsonFile("test.json");
JsonGenerator g = f.createGenerator(jsonFile);
// write JSON: { "message" : "Hello world!" }
g.writeStartObject();
g.writeStringField("message", "Hello world!");
g.writeEndObject();
g.close();

// Second: read file back
JsonParser p = f.createParser(jsonFile);

JsonToken t = p.nextToken(); // Should be JsonToken.START_OBJECT
t = p.nextToken(); // JsonToken.FIELD_NAME
if ((t != JsonToken.FIELD_NAME) || !"message".equals(p.getCurrentName())) {
   // handle error
}
t = p.nextToken();
if (t != JsonToken.VALUE_STRING) {
   // similarly
}
String msg = p.getText();
System.out.printf("My message to you is: %s!\n", msg);
p.close();

```

## 10 minute tutorial: configuration

There are two entry-level configuration mechanisms you are likely to use:
[Features](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki/JacksonFeatures) and [Annotations](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-annotations).

### Commonly used Features

Here are examples of configuration features that you are most likely to need to know about.

Let's start with higher-level data-binding configuration.

```java
// SerializationFeature for changing how JSON is written

// to enable standard indentation ("pretty-printing"):
mapper.enable(SerializationFeature.INDENT_OUTPUT);
// to allow serialization of "empty" POJOs (no properties to serialize)
// (without this setting, an exception is thrown in those cases)
mapper.disable(SerializationFeature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS);
// to write java.util.Date, Calendar as number (timestamp):
mapper.disable(SerializationFeature.WRITE_DATES_AS_TIMESTAMPS);

// DeserializationFeature for changing how JSON is read as POJOs:

// to prevent exception when encountering unknown property:
mapper.disable(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES);
// to allow coercion of JSON empty String ("") to null Object value:
mapper.enable(DeserializationFeature.ACCEPT_EMPTY_STRING_AS_NULL_OBJECT);
```

In addition, you may need to change some of low-level JSON parsing, generation details:

```java
// JsonParser.Feature for configuring parsing settings:

// to allow C/C++ style comments in JSON (non-standard, disabled by default)
// (note: with Jackson 2.5, there is also `mapper.enable(feature)` / `mapper.disable(feature)`)
mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_COMMENTS, true);
// to allow (non-standard) unquoted field names in JSON:
mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_FIELD_NAMES, true);
// to allow use of apostrophes (single quotes), non standard
mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_SINGLE_QUOTES, true);

// JsonGenerator.Feature for configuring low-level JSON generation:

// to force escaping of non-ASCII characters:
mapper.configure(JsonGenerator.Feature.ESCAPE_NON_ASCII, true);
```

Full set of features are explained on [Jackson Features](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki/JacksonFeatures) page.

### Annotations: changing property names

The simplest annotation-based approach is to use `@JsonProperty` annotation like so:

```java
public class MyBean {
   private String _name;

   // without annotation, we'd get "theName", but we want "name":
   @JsonProperty("name")
   public String getTheName() { return _name; }

   // note: it is enough to add annotation on just getter OR setter;
   // so we can omit it here
   public void setTheName(String n) { _name = n; }
}
```

There are other mechanisms to use for systematic naming changes: see [Custom Naming Convention](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki/JacksonCustomNamingConvention) for details.

Note, too, that you can use [Mix-in Annotations](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki/JacksonMixinAnnotations) to associate all annotations.

### Annotations: Ignoring properties

There are two main annotations that can be used to to ignore properties: `@JsonIgnore` for individual properties; and `@JsonIgnoreProperties` for per-class definition

```java
// means that if we see "foo" or "bar" in JSON, they will be quietly skipped
// regardless of whether POJO has such properties
@JsonIgnoreProperties({ "foo", "bar" })
public class MyBean
{
   // will not be written as JSON; nor assigned from JSON:
   @JsonIgnore
   public String internal;

   // no annotation, public field is read/written normally
   public String external;

   @JsonIgnore
   public void setCode(int c) { _code = c; }

   // note: will also be ignored because setter has annotation!
   public int getCode() { return _code; }
}
```

As with renaming, note that annotations are "shared" between matching fields, getters and setters: if only one has `@JsonIgnore`, it affects others.
But it is also possible to use "split" annotations, to for example:

```java
public class ReadButDontWriteProps {
   private String _name;
   @JsonProperty public void setName(String n) { _name = n; }
   @JsonIgnore public String getName() { return _name; }
}
```

in this case, no "name" property would be written out (since 'getter' is ignored); but if "name" property was found from JSON, it would be assigned to POJO property!

For a more complete explanation of all possible ways of ignoring properties when writing out JSON, check ["Filtering properties"](http://www.cowtowncoder.com/blog/archives/2011/02/entry_443.html) article.

### Annotations: using custom constructor

Unlike many other data-binding packages, Jackson does not require you to define "default constructor" (constructor that does not take arguments).
While it will use one if nothing else is available, you can easily define that an argument-taking constructor is used:

```java
public class CtorBean
{
  public final String name;
  public final int age;

  @JsonCreator // constructor can be public, private, whatever
  private CtorBean(@JsonProperty("name") String name,
    @JsonProperty("age") int age)
  {
      this.name = name;
      this.age = age;
  }
}
```

Constructors are especially useful in supporting use of
[Immutable objects](http://www.cowtowncoder.com/blog/archives/2010/08/entry_409.html).

Alternatively, you can also define "factory methods":

```java
public class FactoryBean
{
    // fields etc omitted for brewity

    @JsonCreator
    public static FactoryBean create(@JsonProperty("name") String name) {
      // construct and return an instance
    }
}
```

Note that use of a "creator method" (`@JsonCreator` with `@JsonProperty` annotated arguments) does not preclude use of setters: you
can mix and match properties from constructor/factory method with ones that
are set via setters or directly using fields.

## Tutorial: fancier stuff, conversions

One useful (but not very widely known) feature of Jackson is its ability
to do arbitrary POJO-to-POJO conversions. Conceptually you can think of conversions as sequence of 2 steps: first, writing a POJO as JSON, and second, binding that JSON into another kind of POJO. Implementation just skips actual generation of JSON, and uses more efficient intermediate representation.

Conversions work between any compatible types, and invocation is as simple as:

```java
ResultType result = mapper.convertValue(sourceObject, ResultType.class);
```

and as long as source and result types are compatible -- that is, if to-JSON, from-JSON sequence would succeed -- things will "just work".
But here are couple of potentially useful use cases:

```java
// Convert from List<Integer> to int[]
List<Integer> sourceList = ...;
int[] ints = mapper.convertValue(sourceList, int[].class);
// Convert a POJO into Map!
Map<String,Object> propertyMap = mapper.convertValue(pojoValue, Map.class);
// ... and back
PojoType pojo = mapper.convertValue(propertyMap, PojoType.class);
// decode Base64! (default byte[] representation is base64-encoded String)
String base64 = "TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlz";
byte[] binary = mapper.convertValue(base64, byte[].class);
```

Basically, Jackson can work as a replacement for many Apache Commons components, for tasks like base64 encoding/decoding, and handling of "dyna beans" (Maps to/from POJOs).

# Contribute!

We would love to get your contribution, whether it's in form of bug reports, Requests for Enhancement (RFE), documentation, or code patches.
The primary mechanism for all of above is [GitHub Issues system](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/issues).

## Basic rules for Code Contributions

There is really just one main rule, which is that to accept any code contribution, we need to get a filled Contributor License Agreement (CLA) from the author. One CLA is enough for any number of contributions, but we need one. Or, rather, companies that use our code want it. It keeps their lawyers less unhappy about Open Source usage.

## Limitation on Dependencies by Core Components

One additional limitation exists for so-called core components (streaming api, jackson-annotations and jackson-databind): no additional dependendies are allowed beyond:

* Core components may rely on any methods included in the supported JDK
    * Minimum JDK version was 1.5 until (and including) version 2.3
    * Minimum JDK version was 1.6 for Jackson 2.4 - 2.7 (inclusive) for all core components
        * Minimum is still 1.6 for `jackson-annotations` and `jackson-core`, for all remaining Jackson 2.x versions
    * Minimum JDK version is 1.7 for Jackson 2.7 - 2.10 of `jackson-databind` and most non-core components
* Jackson-databind (this package) depends on the other two (annotations, streaming).

This means that anything that has to rely on additional APIs or libraries needs to be built as an extension,
usually a Jackson module.


## Branches

`master` branch is for developing the next major Jackson version -- 3.0 -- but there
are active maintenance branches in which much of development happens:

* `2.10` is the current stable minor 2.x version
* `2.9` is for selected backported fixes

Older branches are usually not maintained after being declared as closed
on [Jackson Releases](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson/wiki/Jackson-Releases) page,
but exist just in case a rare emergency patch is needed.
All released versions have matching git tags (`jackson-dataformats-binary-2.9.10`).

-----

# Differences from Jackson 1.x

Project contains versions 2.0 and above: source code for earlier (1.x) versions was available from [Codehaus](http://jackson.codehaus.org) SVN repository, but due to Codehaus closure is currently (July 2015) not officially available.
We may try to create Jackson1x repository at Github in future (if you care about this, ping Jackson team via mailing lists, or file an issue for this project).

Main differences compared to 1.0 "mapper" jar are:

* Maven build instead of Ant
* Java package is now `com.fasterxml.jackson.databind` (instead of `org.codehaus.jackson.map`)

-----

# Further reading

* [Overall Jackson Docs](../../../jackson-docs)
* [Project wiki page](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/wiki)

Related:

* [Core annotations](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-annotations) package defines annotations commonly used for configuring databinding details
* [Core parser/generator](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core) package defines low-level incremental/streaming parsers, generators