xref: /openwifi/README.md (revision a2ffb3014c7e8941f272ed9f8533d2bed5a2a818)

<!--
Author: Xianjun jiao, Michael Mehari, Wei Liu
SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 UGent
SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
-->

# openwifi
<img src="./openwifi-arch.jpg" width="900">

**openwifi:** Linux mac80211 compatible full-stack IEEE802.11/Wi-Fi design based on SDR (Software Defined Radio).

This repository includes Linux driver and software. [openwifi-hw](https://github.com/open-sdr/openwifi-hw) repository has the FPGA design. It is **YOUR RESPONSIBILITY** to follow your **LOCAL SPECTRUM REGULATION** or use **CABLE** to avoid potential interference over the air.

[[Quick start](#Quick-start)]
[[Project document](doc/README.md)]
[[Application notes](doc/app_notes/README.md)]
[[Videos](#Videos)]
[[Papers](#Papers)]
[[maillist](https://lists.ugent.be/wws/subscribe/openwifi)]
[[Cite openwifi project](#Cite-openwifi-project)]

Openwifi code has dual licenses. AGPLv3 is the opensource license. For non-opensource license, please contact [email protected]. Openwifi project also leverages some 3rd party modules. It is user's duty to check and follow licenses of those modules according to the purpose/usage. You can find [an example explanation from Analog Devices](https://github.com/analogdevicesinc/hdl/blob/master/LICENSE) for this compound license conditions. [[How to contribute]](https://github.com/open-sdr/openwifi/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).

**Features:**

- 802.11a/g/n [[IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)](doc/app_notes/ieee80211n.md)]
- 20MHz bandwidth; 70 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range
- Mode tested: Ad-hoc; Station; AP, Monitor
- DCF (CSMA/CA) low MAC layer in FPGA (10us SIFS is achieved)
- [802.11 packet injection and fuzzing](doc/app_notes/inject_80211.md)
- CSI (Channel State Information, freq offset, equalizer to computer) [[CSI notes](doc/app_notes/csi.md)]
- IQ capture (real-time AGC, RSSI, IQ sample to computer) [[IQ notes](doc/app_notes/iq.md)][[IQ notes for dual antenna](doc/app_notes/iq_2ant.md)]
- Configurable channel access priority parameters:
  - duration of RTS/CTS, CTS-to-self
  - SIFS/DIFS/xIFS/slot-time/CW/etc
- Time slicing based on MAC address (time gated/scheduled FPGA queues)
- Easy to change bandwidth and frequency:
  - 2MHz for 802.11ah in sub-GHz
  - 10MHz for 802.11p/vehicle in 5.9GHz
- **802.11ax** under development

**Performance (AP: openwifi at channel 44, client: TL-WDN4200 N900 USB Dongle):**
- AP --> client: 30.6Mbps(TCP), 38.8Mbps(UDP)
- client --> AP: 17.0Mbps(TCP), 21.5Mbps(UDP)

**Supported SDR platforms:** (Check [Porting guide](#Porting-guide) for your new board if it isn't in the list)

board_name|board combination|status|SD card img|Vivado license
-------|-------|----|----|-----
zc706_fmcs2|Xilinx ZC706 dev board + FMCOMMS2/3/4|Done|[32bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-32bit.img.xz)|Need
zed_fmcs2|Xilinx zed board + FMCOMMS2/3/4|Done|[32bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-32bit.img.xz)|**NO** need
adrv9364z7020|ADRV9364-Z7020 + ADRV1CRR-BOB|Done|[32bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-32bit.img.xz)|**NO** need
adrv9361z7035|ADRV9361-Z7035 + ADRV1CRR-BOB/FMC|Done|[32bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-32bit.img.xz)|Need
zc702_fmcs2|Xilinx ZC702 dev board + FMCOMMS2/3/4|Done|[32bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-32bit.img.xz)|**NO** need
zcu102_fmcs2|Xilinx ZCU102 dev board + FMCOMMS2/3/4|Done|[64bit img](https://users.ugent.be/~xjiao/openwifi-1.2.0-leuven-64bit.img.xz)|Need
zcu102_9371|Xilinx ZCU102 dev board + ADRV9371|Future|Future|Need

- board_name is used to identify FPGA design in openwifi-hw/boards/
- Don't have any boards? Or you like JTAG boot instead of SD card? Check our test bed [w-iLab.t](https://doc.ilabt.imec.be/ilabt/wilab/tutorials/openwifi.html) tutorial.

[[Quick start](#Quick-start)]
[[Basic operations](#Basic-operations)]
[[Update FPGA](#Update-FPGA)]
[[Update Driver](#Update-Driver)]
[[Update sdrctl](#Update-sdrctl)]
[[Easy Access and etc](#Easy-Access-and-etc)]

[[Build openwifi Linux img from scratch](#Build-openwifi-Linux-img-from-scratch)]
[[Special note for 11b](#Special-note-for-11b)]
[[Porting guide](#Porting-guide)]
[[Project document](doc/README.md)]
[[Application notes](doc/app_notes/README.md)]

## Quick start
- Burn openwifi board specific img file (from the table) into a SD card ("Open With Disk Image Writer". Or "dd" command after unzip). The SD card has two partitions: BOOT and rootfs. You need to config the **correct files in the BOOT partition** according to the **board you have** by operation on your computer:
  - Copy files in **openwifi/board_name** to the base directory of BOOT partition.
  - Copy **openwifi/zynqmp-common/Image** (zcu102 board) or **openwifi/zynq-common/uImage** (other boards) to the base directory of BOOT partition
- Connect two antennas to RXA/TXA ports. Config the board to SD card boot mode (check the board manual). Insert the SD card to the board. Power on.
- Login to the board from your PC (PC Ethernet should have IP 192.168.10.1) with password **openwifi**.
  ```
  ssh [email protected]
  ```
- On board, run openwifi AP and the on board webserver
  ```
  ~/openwifi/fosdem-11ag.sh
  ```
- After you see the "openwifi" SSID on your device (Phone/Laptop/etc), connect it. Browser to 192.168.13.1 on your device, you should see the webpage hosted by the webserver on board.
  - Note 1: If your device doesn't support 5GHz (ch44), please change the **hostapd-openwifi.conf** on board and re-run fosdem.sh.
  - Note 2: After ~2 hours, the Viterbi decoder will halt (Xilinx Evaluation License). Just power cycle the board if it happens. (If output of "./sdrctl dev sdr0 get reg rx 20" is always the same, it means the decoder halts)
- To give the Wi-Fii client internet access, configure routing/NAT **on the PC**:
  ```
  sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
  sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o NICY -j MASQUERADE
  sudo ip route add 192.168.13.0/24 via 192.168.10.122 dev ethX
  ```
  **ethX** is the PC NIC name connecting the board ethernet. **NICY** is the PC NIC name connecting internet (WiFi or another ethernet).

  If you want, uncommenting "net.ipv4.ip_forward=1" in /etc/sysctl.conf to make IP forwarding persistent on PC.
- To monitor **real-time CSI (Chip State Information)**, such as timestamp, frequency offset, channel state, equalizer, please refer to [[CSI notes](doc/app_notes/csi.md)].

## Basic operations
The board actually is an Linux/Ubuntu computer which is running **hostapd** to offer Wi-Fi AP functionality over the Wi-Fi Network Interface (NIC). The NIC is implemented by openwifi-hw FPGA design. We use the term **"On board"** to indicate that the commands should be executed after ssh login to the board. **"On PC"** means the commands should run on PC.
- Bring up the openwifi NIC sdr0:
  ```
  service network-manager stop
  cd ~/openwifi && ./wgd.sh
  ```
- Use openwifi as client to connect other AP (Change wpa-connect.conf on board firstly):
  ```
  route del default gw 192.168.10.1
  wpa_supplicant -i sdr0 -c wpa-connect.conf &
  dhclient sdr0
  ```
- Use openwifi in ad-hoc mode: Please check **sdr-ad-hoc-up.sh** and **sdr-ad-hoc-join.sh**.
- Use openwifi in monitor mode: Please check **monitor_ch.sh**.
- The Linux native Wi-Fi tools/Apps (iwconfig/ifconfig/iwlist/iw/hostapd/wpa_supplicant/etc) can run over openwifi NIC in the same way as commercial Wi-Fi chip.
- **sdrctl** is a dedicated tool to access openwifi driver/FPGA, please check doc directory for more information.

## Update FPGA

Since the pre-built SD card image might not have the latest bug-fixes/updates, it is recommended to update the fpga bitstream on board.

- Install Vivado/SDK 2018.3 (If you don't need to generate new FPGA bitstream, WebPack version without license is enough)
- Setup environment variables (use absolute path):
  ```
  export XILINX_DIR=your_Xilinx_directory
  export OPENWIFI_DIR=your_openwifi_directory
  export BOARD_NAME=your_board_name
  ```
- Get the latest FPGA bitstream from openwifi-hw, generate BOOT.BIN and transfer it on board via ssh channel:
  ```
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/get_fpga.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR

  For Zynq 7000:
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/boot_bin_gen.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR $XILINX_DIR $BOARD_NAME

  For Zynq MPSoC (like zcu102 board):
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/boot_bin_gen_zynqmp.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR $XILINX_DIR $BOARD_NAME

  scp $OPENWIFI_DIR/kernel_boot/boards/$BOARD_NAME/output_boot_bin/BOOT.BIN [email protected]:
  ```
- On board: Put the BOOT.BIN into the BOOT partition.
  ```
  mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt
  cp ~/BOOT.BIN /mnt
  umount /mnt
  ```
  **Power cycle** the board to load new FPGA bitstream.

## Update Driver

Since the pre-built SD card image might not have the latest bug-fixes/updates, it is recommended to update the driver on board.
- Prepare Analog Devices Linux kernel source code (only need to run once):
  ```
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/prepare_kernel.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR $XILINX_DIR ARCH_BIT
  (For Zynq 7000, ARCH_BIT should be 32, for Zynq MPSoC, ARCH_BIT should be 64)
  ```
- Compile the latest openwifi driver
  ```
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/driver/make_all.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR $XILINX_DIR ARCH_BIT
  (For Zynq 7000, ARCH_BIT should be 32, for Zynq MPSoC, ARCH_BIT should be 64)
  ```
- Copy the driver files to the board via ssh channel
  ```
  scp `find $OPENWIFI_DIR/driver/ -name \*.ko` [email protected]:openwifi/
  ```
  Now you can use **wgd.sh** on board to load the new openwifi driver.

## Update sdrctl
- Copy the sdrctl source files to the board via ssh channel
  ```
  scp `find $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/sdrctl_src/ -name \*` [email protected]:openwifi/sdrctl_src/
  ```
- Compile the sdrctl **on board**:
  ```
  cd ~/openwifi/sdrctl_src/ && make && cp sdrctl ../ && cd ..
  ```
## Easy Access and etc

- FPGA and driver on board update scripts
  - Setup [ftp server](https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/ftp-server.html) on PC, allow anonymous and change ftp root directory to $OPENWIFI_DIR.
  - On board:
  ```
  ./sdcard_boot_update.sh $BOARD_NAME
  (Above command downloads uImage, BOOT.BIN and devicetree.dtb, then copy them into boot partition. Remember to power cycle)
  ./wgd.sh remote
  (Above command downloads driver files, and brings up sdr0)
  ```
- Access the board disk/rootfs like a disk:
   - On PC: "File manager --> Connect to Server...", input: sftp://[email protected]/root
   - Input password "openwifi"

## Build openwifi Linux img from scratch
- Download [2019_R1-2020_02_04.img.xz](https://swdownloads.analog.com/cse/2019_R1-2020_02_04.img.xz) from [Analog Devices Wiki](https://wiki.analog.com/resources/tools-software/linux-software/zynq_images). Burn it to a SD card.
- Insert the SD card to your Linux PC. Find out the mount point (that has two sub directories BOOT and rootfs), and setup environment variables (use absolute path):
  ```
  export SDCARD_DIR=sdcard_mount_point
  export XILINX_DIR=your_Xilinx_directory
  export OPENWIFI_DIR=your_openwifi_directory
  export BOARD_NAME=your_board_name
  ```
- Run script to update SD card:
  ```
  $OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/update_sdcard.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR $XILINX_DIR $BOARD_NAME $SDCARD_DIR
  ```
- Config your board to SD card boot mode (check the board manual). Insert the SD card to the board. Power on.
- Login to the board from your PC (PC Ethernet should have IP 192.168.10.1) with one time password **analog**.
  ```
  ssh [email protected]
  ```
- Setup routing/NAT **on the PC** for your board -- this internet connection is **important** for post installation/config.
  ```
  sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
  sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o NICY -j MASQUERADE
  sudo ip route add 192.168.13.0/24 via 192.168.10.122 dev ethX
  ```
  **ethX** is the PC NIC name connecting the board ethernet. **NICY** is the PC NIC name connecting internet (WiFi or another ethernet).

  If you want, uncommenting "net.ipv4.ip_forward=1" in /etc/sysctl.conf to make IP forwarding persistent on PC.
- Run **one time** script on board to complete post installation/config (After this, password becomes **openwifi**)
  ```
  cd ~/openwifi && ./post_config.sh
  ```
- Now you can start from [Quick start](#Quick-start) (Skip the image download and burn step)

## Special note for 11b

Openwifi only applies OFDM as its modulation scheme and as a result, it is not backward compatible with 802.11b clients or modes of operation. This is usually the case during beacon transmission, connection establishment, and robust communication.

As a solution to this problem, openwifi can be fully controlled only if communicating with APs/clients instantiated using hostapd/wpa_supplicant userspace programs respectively.

For hostapd program, 802.11b rates can be suppressed using configuration commands (i.e. supported_rates, basic_rates) and an example configuration file is provided (i.e. hostapd-openwifi.conf). One small caveat to this one comes from fullMAC Wi-Fi cards as they must implement the *NL80211_TXRATE_LEGACY* NetLink handler at the device driver level.

On the other hand, the wpa_supplicant program on the client side (commercial Wi-Fi dongle/board) cannot suppress 802.11b rates out of the box in 2.4GHz band, so there will be an issue when connecting openwifi (OFDM only). A patched wpa_supplicant should be used at the client side.
```
sudo apt-get install libssl1.0-dev
$OPENWIFI_DIR/user_space/build_wpa_supplicant_wo11b.sh $OPENWIFI_DIR
```
## Porting guide

This section explains the porting work by showing the differences between openwifi and Analog Devices reference design. openwifi is based on 2019_R1 of [HDL Reference Designs](https://github.com/analogdevicesinc/hdl).
- Open the fmcomms2 + zc706 reference design at hdl/projects/fmcomms2/zc706 (Please read Analog Devices help)
- Open the openwifi design zc706_fmcs2 at openwifi-hw/boards/zc706_fmcs2 (Please read openwifi-hw repository)
- "Open Block Design", you will see the differences between openwifi and the reference design. Both in "diagram" and in "Address Editor".
- The address/interrupts of FPGA blocks hooked to the ARM bus should be put/aligned to the devicetree file openwifi/kernel_boot/boards/zc706_fmcs2/devicetree.dts. Linux will parse the devicetree.dtb when booting to know information of attached device (FPGA blocks in our case).
- We use dtc command to get devicetree.dts converted from devicetree.dtb in [Analog Devices Linux image](https://wiki.analog.com/resources/tools-software/linux-software/zynq_images), then do modification according to what we have added/modified to the reference design.
- Please learn the script in [[Build openwifi Linux img from scratch](#Build-openwifi-Linux-img-from-scratch)] to understand how we generate devicetree.dtb, BOOT.BIN and Linux kernel uImage and put them together to build the full SD card image.

## Videos

- Demo [[youtube](https://youtu.be/NpjEaszd5u4)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1280659393378041856)]
- FOSDEM2020 [[youtube](https://youtu.be/Mq48cGthk7M)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1280673506397425664)]
- Low latency for gaming and introduction [[youtube](https://youtu.be/Notn9X482LI)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1273823153371385856)]
- CSI (Channel State Information) [[twitter](https://twitter.com/i/status/1314207380561780738)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1297662571618148352)]
- FOSDEM2021 [[Flash back](https://twitter.com/jxjputaoshu/status/1358462741703491584?s=20)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1340748826311974912)]; [[Presentation](https://mirror.as35701.net/video.fosdem.org/2021/D.radio/fsr_openwifi_opensource_wifi_chip.webm)], [[link for CHN user](https://www.zhihu.com/zvideo/1345036055104360448)]

## Papers

- [openwifi: a free and open-source IEEE802.11 SDR implementation on SoC](https://www.orca-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/03/openwifi-vtc-antwerp-PID1249076.pdf)
- [csi murder](https://ans.unibs.it/projects/csi-murder/)
- [IEEE 802.11 CSI randomization to preserve location privacy: An empirical evaluation in different scenarios](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138912862100102X)

Openwifi was born in [ORCA project](https://www.orca-project.eu/) (EU's Horizon2020 programme under agreement number 732174).

## Cite openwifi project

Any use of openwifi project which results in a publication should include a citation via (bibtex example):
```
@electronic{openwifigithub,
            author = {Xianjun, Jiao and Wei, Liu and Michael, Mehari},
            title = {open-source IEEE802.11/Wi-Fi baseband chip/FPGA design},
            url = {https://github.com/open-sdr/openwifi},
            year = {2019},
}
```

## License

This project is available as open source under the terms of the AGPL 3.0 Or later. However, some elements are being licensed under GPL 2-0 or later and BSD 3 license . For accurate information, please check individual files.