xref: /XiangShan/scripts/xiangshan.py (revision 8daac0bfdfd11a453dd4af43a58bd9257a805d19)
1#***************************************************************************************
2# Copyright (c) 2020-2021 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
3# Copyright (c) 2020-2021 Peng Cheng Laboratory
4#
5# XiangShan is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
6# You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
7# You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
8#          http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
9#
10# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
11# EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
12# MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
13#
14# See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
15#***************************************************************************************
16
17# Simple version of xiangshan python wrapper
18
19import argparse
20import json
21import os
22import random
23import signal
24import subprocess
25import sys
26import time
27
28import psutil
29
30
31def load_all_gcpt(gcpt_path, json_path):
32    all_gcpt = []
33    with open(json_path) as f:
34        data = json.load(f)
35    for benchspec in data:
36        for point in data[benchspec]:
37            weight = data[benchspec][point]
38            gcpt = os.path.join(gcpt_path, "_".join([benchspec, point, weight]))
39            bin_dir = os.path.join(gcpt, "0")
40            bin_file = list(os.listdir(bin_dir))
41            assert(len(bin_file) == 1)
42            bin_path = os.path.join(bin_dir, bin_file[0])
43            assert(os.path.isfile(bin_path))
44            all_gcpt.append(bin_path)
45    return all_gcpt
46
47class XSArgs(object):
48    script_path = os.path.realpath(__file__)
49    # default path to the repositories
50    noop_home = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(script_path), "..")
51    nemu_home = os.path.join(noop_home, "../NEMU")
52    am_home = os.path.join(noop_home, "../nexus-am")
53    dramsim3_home = os.path.join(noop_home, "../DRAMsim3")
54    rvtest_home = os.path.join(noop_home, "../riscv-tests")
55    default_wave_home = os.path.join(noop_home, "build")
56    wave_home   = default_wave_home
57
58    def __init__(self, args):
59        # all path environment variables that should be set
60        all_path = [
61            # (python argument, environment variable, default, target function)
62            (None, "NOOP_HOME", self.noop_home, self.set_noop_home),
63            (args.nemu, "NEMU_HOME", self.nemu_home, self.set_nemu_home),
64            (args.am, "AM_HOME", self.am_home, self.set_am_home),
65            (args.dramsim3, "DRAMSIM3_HOME", self.dramsim3_home, self.set_dramsim3_home),
66            (args.rvtest, "RVTEST_HOME", self.rvtest_home, self.set_rvtest_home),
67        ]
68        for (arg_in, env, default, set_func) in all_path:
69            set_func(self.__extract_path(arg_in, env, default))
70        # Chisel arguments
71        self.enable_log = args.enable_log
72        self.num_cores = args.num_cores
73        # Makefile arguments
74        self.threads = args.threads
75        self.with_dramsim3 = 1 if args.with_dramsim3 else None
76        self.is_release = 1 if args.release else None
77        self.is_spike = "Spike" if args.spike else None
78        self.trace = 1 if args.trace or not args.disable_fork and not args.trace_fst else None
79        self.trace_fst = "fst" if args.trace_fst else None
80        self.config = args.config
81        self.is_mfc = 1 if args.mfc else None
82        self.emu_optimize = args.emu_optimize
83        # emu arguments
84        self.max_instr = args.max_instr
85        self.ram_size = args.ram_size
86        self.seed = random.randint(0, 9999)
87        self.numa = args.numa
88        self.diff = args.diff
89        if args.spike and "nemu" in args.diff:
90            self.diff = self.diff.replace("nemu-interpreter", "spike")
91        self.fork = not args.disable_fork
92        self.disable_diff = args.no_diff
93        self.disable_db = args.no_db
94        # wave dump path
95        if args.wave_dump is not None:
96            self.set_wave_home(args.wave_dump)
97        else:
98            self.set_wave_home(self.default_wave_home)
99
100    def get_env_variables(self):
101        all_env = {
102            "NOOP_HOME"    : self.noop_home,
103            "NEMU_HOME"    : self.nemu_home,
104            "WAVE_HOME"    : self.wave_home,
105            "AM_HOME"      : self.am_home,
106            "DRAMSIM3_HOME": self.dramsim3_home,
107            "MODULEPATH": "/usr/share/Modules/modulefiles:/etc/modulefiles"
108        }
109        return all_env
110
111    def get_chisel_args(self, prefix=None):
112        chisel_args = [
113            (self.enable_log, "enable-log")
114        ]
115        args = map(lambda x: x[1], filter(lambda arg: arg[0], chisel_args))
116        if prefix is not None:
117            args = map(lambda x: prefix + x, args)
118        return args
119
120    def get_makefile_args(self):
121        makefile_args = [
122            (self.threads,       "EMU_THREADS"),
123            (self.with_dramsim3, "WITH_DRAMSIM3"),
124            (self.is_release,    "RELEASE"),
125            (self.is_spike,      "REF"),
126            (self.trace,         "EMU_TRACE"),
127            (self.trace_fst,     "EMU_TRACE"),
128            (self.config,        "CONFIG"),
129            (self.num_cores,     "NUM_CORES"),
130            (self.is_mfc,        "MFC"),
131            (self.emu_optimize,  "EMU_OPTIMIZE")
132        ]
133        args = filter(lambda arg: arg[0] is not None, makefile_args)
134        return args
135
136    def get_emu_args(self):
137        emu_args = [
138            (self.max_instr, "max-instr"),
139            (self.diff,      "diff"),
140            (self.seed,      "seed"),
141            (self.ram_size,  "ram-size"),
142        ]
143        args = filter(lambda arg: arg[0] is not None, emu_args)
144        return args
145
146    def show(self):
147        print("Extra environment variables:")
148        env = self.get_env_variables()
149        for env_name in env:
150            print(f"{env_name}: {env[env_name]}")
151        print()
152        print("Chisel arguments:")
153        print(" ".join(self.get_chisel_args()))
154        print()
155        print("Makefile arguments:")
156        for val, name in self.get_makefile_args():
157            print(f"{name}={val}")
158        print()
159        print("emu arguments:")
160        for val, name in self.get_emu_args():
161            print(f"--{name} {val}")
162        print()
163
164    def __extract_path(self, path, env=None, default=None):
165        if path is None and env is not None:
166            path = os.getenv(env)
167        if path is None and default is not None:
168            path = default
169        path = os.path.realpath(path)
170        return path
171
172    def set_noop_home(self, path):
173        self.noop_home = path
174
175    def set_nemu_home(self, path):
176        self.nemu_home = path
177
178    def set_am_home(self, path):
179        self.am_home = path
180
181    def set_dramsim3_home(self, path):
182        self.dramsim3_home = path
183
184    def set_rvtest_home(self, path):
185        self.rvtest_home = path
186
187    def set_wave_home(self, path):
188        print(f"set wave home to {path}")
189        self.wave_home = path
190
191# XiangShan environment
192class XiangShan(object):
193    def __init__(self, args):
194        self.args = XSArgs(args)
195        self.timeout = args.timeout
196
197    def show(self):
198        self.args.show()
199
200    def make_clean(self):
201        print("Clean up CI workspace")
202        self.show()
203        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'make -C $NOOP_HOME clean')
204        return return_code
205
206    def generate_verilog(self):
207        print("Generating XiangShan verilog with the following configurations:")
208        self.show()
209        sim_args = " ".join(self.args.get_chisel_args(prefix="--"))
210        make_args = " ".join(map(lambda arg: f"{arg[1]}={arg[0]}", self.args.get_makefile_args()))
211        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'make -C $NOOP_HOME verilog SIM_ARGS="{sim_args}" {make_args}')
212        return return_code
213
214    def generate_sim_verilog(self):
215        print("Generating XiangShan sim-verilog with the following configurations:")
216        self.show()
217        sim_args = " ".join(self.args.get_chisel_args(prefix="--"))
218        make_args = " ".join(map(lambda arg: f"{arg[1]}={arg[0]}", self.args.get_makefile_args()))
219        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'make -C $NOOP_HOME sim-verilog SIM_ARGS="{sim_args}" {make_args}')
220        return return_code
221
222    def build_emu(self):
223        print("Building XiangShan emu with the following configurations:")
224        self.show()
225        sim_args = " ".join(self.args.get_chisel_args(prefix="--"))
226        make_args = " ".join(map(lambda arg: f"{arg[1]}={arg[0]}", self.args.get_makefile_args()))
227        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'make -C $NOOP_HOME emu -j200 SIM_ARGS="{sim_args}" {make_args}')
228        return return_code
229
230    def build_simv(self):
231        print("Building XiangShan simv with the following configurations")
232        self.show()
233        make_args = " ".join(map(lambda arg: f"{arg[1]}={arg[0]}", self.args.get_makefile_args()))
234        # TODO: make the following commands grouped as unseen scripts
235        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'\
236            eval `/usr/bin/modulecmd zsh load license`;\
237            eval `/usr/bin/modulecmd zsh load synopsys/vcs/Q-2020.03-SP2`;\
238            eval `/usr/bin/modulecmd zsh load synopsys/verdi/S-2021.09-SP1`;\
239            VERDI_HOME=/nfs/tools/synopsys/verdi/S-2021.09-SP1 \
240            make -C $NOOP_HOME simv {make_args} CONSIDER_FSDB=1')  # set CONSIDER_FSDB for compatibility
241        return return_code
242
243    def run_emu(self, workload):
244        print("Running XiangShan emu with the following configurations:")
245        self.show()
246        emu_args = " ".join(map(lambda arg: f"--{arg[1]} {arg[0]}", self.args.get_emu_args()))
247        print("workload:", workload)
248        numa_args = ""
249        if self.args.numa:
250            numa_info = get_free_cores(self.args.threads)
251            numa_args = f"numactl -m {numa_info[0]} -C {numa_info[1]}-{numa_info[2]}"
252        fork_args = "--enable-fork" if self.args.fork else ""
253        diff_args = "--no-diff" if self.args.disable_diff else ""
254        chiseldb_args = "--dump-db" if not self.args.disable_db else ""
255        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'ulimit -s {32 * 1024}; {numa_args} $NOOP_HOME/build/emu -i {workload} {emu_args} {fork_args} {diff_args} {chiseldb_args}')
256        return return_code
257
258    def run_simv(self, workload):
259        print("Running XiangShan simv with the following configurations:")
260        self.show()
261        diff_args = "$NOOP_HOME/"+ args.diff
262        return_code = self.__exec_cmd(f'$NOOP_HOME/difftest/simv +workload={workload} +diff={diff_args}')
263        return return_code
264
265    def run(self, args):
266        if args.ci is not None:
267            return self.run_ci(args.ci)
268        if args.ci_vcs is not None:
269            return self.run_ci_vcs(args.ci_vcs)
270        actions = [
271            (args.generate, lambda _ : self.generate_verilog()),
272            (args.vcs_gen, lambda _ : self.generate_sim_verilog()),
273            (args.build, lambda _ : self.build_emu()),
274            (args.vcs_build, lambda _ : self.build_simv()),
275            (args.workload, lambda args: self.run_emu(args.workload)),
276            (args.clean, lambda _ : self.make_clean())
277        ]
278        valid_actions = map(lambda act: act[1], filter(lambda act: act[0], actions))
279        for i, action in enumerate(valid_actions):
280            print(f"Action {i}:")
281            ret = action(args)
282            if ret:
283                return ret
284        return 0
285
286    def __exec_cmd(self, cmd):
287        env = dict(os.environ)
288        env.update(self.args.get_env_variables())
289        print("subprocess call cmd:", cmd)
290        start = time.time()
291        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, env=env, preexec_fn=os.setsid)
292        try:
293            return_code = proc.wait(self.timeout)
294            end = time.time()
295            print(f"Elapsed time: {end - start} seconds")
296            return return_code
297        except (KeyboardInterrupt, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
298            os.killpg(os.getpgid(proc.pid), signal.SIGINT)
299            print(f"KeyboardInterrupt or TimeoutExpired.")
300            return 0
301
302    def __get_ci_cputest(self, name=None):
303        base_dir = os.path.join(self.args.am_home, "tests/cputest/build")
304        cputest = os.listdir(base_dir)
305        cputest = filter(lambda x: x.endswith(".bin"), cputest)
306        cputest = map(lambda x: os.path.join(base_dir, x), cputest)
307        return cputest
308
309    def __get_ci_rvtest(self, name=None):
310        base_dir = os.path.join(self.args.rvtest_home, "isa/build")
311        riscv_tests = os.listdir(base_dir)
312        riscv_tests = filter(lambda x: x.endswith(".bin"), riscv_tests)
313        all_rv_tests = ["rv64ui", "rv64um", "rv64ua", "rv64uf", "rv64ud"]
314        riscv_tests = filter(lambda x: x[:6] in all_rv_tests, riscv_tests)
315        riscv_tests = map(lambda x: os.path.join(base_dir, x), riscv_tests)
316        return riscv_tests
317
318    def __get_ci_misc(self, name=None):
319        base_dir = "/nfs/home/share/ci-workloads"
320        workloads = [
321            "bitmanip/bitMisc.bin",
322            "crypto/crypto-riscv64-noop.bin",
323            "coremark_rv64gc_o2/coremark-riscv64-xs.bin",
324            "coremark_rv64gc_o3/coremark-riscv64-xs.bin",
325            "coremark_rv64gcb_o3/coremark-riscv64-xs.bin",
326            "ext_intr/amtest-riscv64-xs.bin",
327            "cache-alias/aliastest-riscv64-xs.bin",
328            "Svinval/rv64mi-p-svinval.bin",
329            "pmp/pmp.riscv.bin",
330            "pmp/pmp-am/amtest-riscv64-xs.bin",
331            "pmp/hugepage-pmp-atom/amtest-riscv64-xs.bin",
332            "asid/asid.bin",
333            "isa_misc/xret_clear_mprv.bin",
334            "isa_misc/satp_ppn.bin",
335            "cache-management/softprefetchtest-riscv64-xs.bin"
336        ]
337        misc_tests = map(lambda x: os.path.join(base_dir, x), workloads)
338        return misc_tests
339
340    def __get_ci_mc(self, name=None):
341        base_dir = "/nfs/home/share/ci-workloads"
342        workloads = [
343            "dualcoretest/ldvio-riscv64-xs.bin"
344        ]
345        mc_tests = map(lambda x: os.path.join(base_dir, x), workloads)
346        return mc_tests
347
348    def __get_ci_nodiff(self, name=None):
349        base_dir = "/nfs/home/share/ci-workloads"
350        workloads = [
351            "cache-management/cacheoptest-riscv64-xs.bin"
352        ]
353        tests = map(lambda x: os.path.join(base_dir, x), workloads)
354        return tests
355
356    def __am_apps_path(self, bench):
357        filename = f"{bench}-riscv64-noop.bin"
358        return [os.path.join(self.args.am_home, "apps", bench, "build", filename)]
359
360    def __get_ci_workloads(self, name):
361        workloads = {
362            "linux-hello": "bbl.bin",
363            "linux-hello-smp": "bbl.bin",
364            "linux-hello-opensbi": "fw_payload.bin",
365            "linux-hello-smp-opensbi": "fw_payload.bin",
366            "povray": "_700480000000_.gz",
367            "mcf": "_17520000000_.gz",
368            "xalancbmk": "_266100000000_.gz",
369            "gcc": "_39720000000_.gz",
370            "namd": "_434640000000_.gz",
371            "milc": "_103620000000_.gz",
372            "lbm": "_140840000000_.gz",
373            "gromacs": "_275480000000_.gz",
374            "wrf": "_1916220000000_.gz",
375            "astar": "_122060000000_.gz"
376        }
377        if name in workloads:
378            return [os.path.join("/nfs/home/share/ci-workloads", name, workloads[name])]
379        # select a random SPEC checkpoint
380        assert(name == "random")
381        all_cpt = [
382            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gcb_o2_20m/take_cpt",
383            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gcb_o3_20m/take_cpt",
384            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gc_o2_20m/take_cpt",
385            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gc_o2_50m/take_cpt",
386            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gcb_o2_20m/take_cpt",
387            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gcb_o3_20m/take_cpt",
388            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gc_o2_50m/take_cpt",
389            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_speed_rv64gcb_o3_20m/take_cpt"
390        ]
391        all_json = [
392            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gcb_o2_20m/json/simpoint_summary.json",
393            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gcb_o3_20m/simpoint_summary.json",
394            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gc_o2_20m/simpoint_summary.json",
395            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec06_rv64gc_o2_50m/simpoint_summary.json",
396            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gcb_o2_20m/simpoint_summary.json",
397            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gcb_o3_20m/simpoint_summary.json",
398            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_rv64gc_o2_50m/simpoint_summary.json",
399            "/nfs-nvme/home/share/checkpoints_profiles/spec17_speed_rv64gcb_o3_20m/simpoint_summary.json"
400        ]
401        assert(len(all_cpt) == len(all_json))
402        cpt_path, json_path = random.choice(list(zip(all_cpt, all_json)))
403        all_gcpt = load_all_gcpt(cpt_path, json_path)
404        return [random.choice(all_gcpt)]
405
406    def run_ci(self, test):
407        all_tests = {
408            "cputest": self.__get_ci_cputest,
409            "riscv-tests": self.__get_ci_rvtest,
410            "misc-tests": self.__get_ci_misc,
411            "mc-tests": self.__get_ci_mc,
412            "nodiff-tests": self.__get_ci_nodiff,
413            "microbench": self.__am_apps_path,
414            "coremark": self.__am_apps_path
415        }
416        for target in all_tests.get(test, self.__get_ci_workloads)(test):
417            print(target)
418            ret = self.run_emu(target)
419            if ret:
420                if self.args.default_wave_home != self.args.wave_home:
421                    print("copy wave file to " + self.args.wave_home)
422                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/*.vcd $WAVE_HOME")
423                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/emu $WAVE_HOME")
424                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/rtl/SimTop.v $WAVE_HOME")
425                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/*.db $WAVE_HOME")
426                return ret
427        return 0
428
429    def run_ci_vcs(self, test):
430        all_tests = {
431            "cputest": self.__get_ci_cputest,
432            "riscv-tests": self.__get_ci_rvtest,
433            "misc-tests": self.__get_ci_misc,
434            "mc-tests": self.__get_ci_mc,
435            "nodiff-tests": self.__get_ci_nodiff,
436            "microbench": self.__am_apps_path,
437            "coremark": self.__am_apps_path
438        }
439        for target in all_tests.get(test, self.__get_ci_workloads)(test):
440            print(target)
441            ret = self.run_simv(target)
442            if ret:
443                if self.args.default_wave_home != self.args.wave_home:
444                    print("copy wave file to " + self.args.wave_home)
445                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/*.vcd $WAVE_HOME")
446                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/emu $WAVE_HOME")
447                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/rtl/SimTop.v $WAVE_HOME")
448                    self.__exec_cmd(f"cp $NOOP_HOME/build/*.db $WAVE_HOME")
449                return ret
450        return 0
451
452def get_free_cores(n):
453    while True:
454        # To avoid potential conflicts, we allow CI to use SMT.
455        num_logical_core = psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
456        core_usage = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True)
457        num_window = num_logical_core // n
458        for i in range(num_window):
459            window_usage = core_usage[i * n : i * n + n]
460            if sum(window_usage) < 30 * n and True not in map(lambda x: x > 90, window_usage):
461                return (((i * n) % 128)// 64, i * n, i * n + n - 1)
462        print(f"No free {n} cores found. CPU usage: {core_usage}\n")
463
464if __name__ == "__main__":
465    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Python wrapper for XiangShan')
466    parser.add_argument('workload', nargs='?', type=str, default="",
467                        help='input workload file in binary format')
468    # actions
469    parser.add_argument('--build', action='store_true', help='build XS emu')
470    parser.add_argument('--generate', action='store_true', help='generate XS verilog')
471    parser.add_argument('--vcs-gen', action='store_true', help='generate XS sim verilog for vcs')
472    parser.add_argument('--vcs-build', action='store_true', help='build XS simv')
473    parser.add_argument('--ci', nargs='?', type=str, const="", help='run CI tests')
474    parser.add_argument('--ci-vcs', nargs='?', type=str, const="", help='run CI tests on simv')
475    parser.add_argument('--clean', action='store_true', help='clean up XiangShan CI workspace')
476    parser.add_argument('--timeout', nargs='?', type=int, default=None, help='timeout (in seconds)')
477    # environment variables
478    parser.add_argument('--nemu', nargs='?', type=str, help='path to nemu')
479    parser.add_argument('--am', nargs='?', type=str, help='path to nexus-am')
480    parser.add_argument('--dramsim3', nargs='?', type=str, help='path to dramsim3')
481    parser.add_argument('--rvtest', nargs='?', type=str, help='path to riscv-tests')
482    parser.add_argument('--wave-dump', nargs='?', type=str , help='path to dump wave')
483    # chisel arguments
484    parser.add_argument('--enable-log', action='store_true', help='enable log')
485    parser.add_argument('--num-cores', type=int, help='number of cores')
486    # makefile arguments
487    parser.add_argument('--release', action='store_true', help='enable release')
488    parser.add_argument('--spike', action='store_true', help='enable spike diff')
489    parser.add_argument('--with-dramsim3', action='store_true', help='enable dramsim3')
490    parser.add_argument('--threads', nargs='?', type=int, help='number of emu threads')
491    parser.add_argument('--trace', action='store_true', help='enable vcd waveform')
492    parser.add_argument('--trace-fst', action='store_true', help='enable fst waveform')
493    parser.add_argument('--config', nargs='?', type=str, help='config')
494    parser.add_argument('--mfc', action='store_true', help='use mfc')
495    parser.add_argument('--emu-optimize', nargs='?', type=str, help='verilator optimization letter')
496    # emu arguments
497    parser.add_argument('--numa', action='store_true', help='use numactl')
498    parser.add_argument('--diff', nargs='?', default="./ready-to-run/riscv64-nemu-interpreter-so", type=str, help='nemu so')
499    parser.add_argument('--max-instr', nargs='?', type=int, help='max instr')
500    parser.add_argument('--disable-fork', action='store_true', help='disable lightSSS')
501    parser.add_argument('--no-diff', action='store_true', help='disable difftest')
502    parser.add_argument('--ram-size', nargs='?', type=str, help='manually set simulation memory size (8GB by default)')
503    parser.add_argument('--no-db', action='store_true', help='disable chiseldb dump')
504
505    args = parser.parse_args()
506
507    xs = XiangShan(args)
508    ret = xs.run(args)
509
510    sys.exit(ret)
511